首 页
指导申请
海外培训
关于我们
当前位置：《俄罗斯专利制度（2010年8月准备）》
发布时间：2025-05-21 01:45 文章来源：陕西省知识产权保护中心 阅读：
Patent System in Russia (prepared in August 2010)
俄罗斯专利制度（2010 年 8 月准备）
（Chinese and English are unofficial translation）
（中英文参考译本）
In cooperation with The Federal Service for Intellectual Property, patentsand trademarks (Rospatent) 与联邦知识产权局、专利和商标局共同合作
※使用申明：英文文本与联邦知识产权、专利和商标局合作编写而成，中文译本系陕西省知识产权保 护中心组织翻译；本译本仅供参考。
※版权申明：中文译本©版权归陕西省知识产权保护中心所有，如引用请标明出处。
※译制日期：2024 年 11 月
BOOKLET
宣传册
Patent System
In Russia
俄罗斯专利制度
The project is financed by The
European Union
本项目由欧盟资助
The project is implemented by The
European Patent Office
本项目由欧洲专利局实施
In cooperation with The Federal
Service for Intellectual Property,
patentsand trademarks
(Rospatent)
与联邦知识产权局、专利和商
标局共同合作
Prepared in August 2010
本文件编写于 2010 年 8 月
This document has been produced with the assistance of the European Union under the project “Approximation of EU and Russian Federation Intellectual Property Right aspects” implemented
by the European Patent Office and in co-operation with Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks. The contents ofthis publication are the sole responsibility of the project team and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. In addition this publication cannot be taken to reflect the views of the Federal Service of Intellectual property, patents and trademarks.
本文件是在欧盟协助下，根据欧洲专利局实施 欧盟与俄罗斯联邦知识产权各方面近似性” 项目，与联邦知识产权、专利和商标局合作编写而成。本出版物的内容仅由项目组负责， 绝不代表欧盟的观点。此外，本出版物也不代表联邦知识产权、专利和商标局的观点。
Information, provided in this publication by no means constitutes legal advice and should not substitute for counsel. The information is based on the opinion of independent expert. It does not claim to be either complete or definitive and is intended merely as a guide.
本出版物所提供的信息不构成法律建议，也不应替代律师的意见。文件中相关信息均是基 于独立专家的意见。本出版物并不声称其完整且权威，仅作为指南。
This publication may be reproduced and disseminated for non-commercial purposes only.
本出版物仅可在非商业目的下复制和传播。
© European Union 2010
©欧盟 2010
Contents
目 录
PREFACE: RECENT CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN PATENT SYSTEM 4
PATENT TYPES & TERMS OF PROTECTION 6
INVENTION PATENTS & UTILITY MODEL PATENT 6
PATENT APPLICATION/ REGISTRATION 11
HOW TO OBTAIN PATENT PROTECTION IN RUSSIA 11
RUSSIAN NATIONAL FILING VS. EURASIAN REGIONAL FILING 11
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR INVENTION PATENTS 14
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR UTILITY MODEL PATENTS 15
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN PATENTS 16
NULLITY / APPEAL PROCEEDINGS 17
ASSIGNMENT AND LICENSING; COMPULSORY LICENCES 18
POSSIBLE DEFENCES OF THE ALLEGED INFRINGER 21
ENFORCEMENT OF PATENT RIGHTS IN RUSSIA 21
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE COURT SYSTEM 23
PREPARING A PATENT INFRINGEMENT STATEMENT OF CLAIM 23
PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS AND EVIDENCE PRESERVATION 24
TRIAL PROCEDURES, OUTCOME AND TIMELINE 25
Preface: Recent changes in the Russian patent system
前言：俄罗斯专利制度的最新变革
On January 1, 2008, Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation took effect, wherein the registration and protection of the results of intellectual activities inter alia inventions, utility models and industrial designs and of means of individualisation, inter alia trademarks, are regulated.
自 2008 年 1 月 1 日起，《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第四部分正式施行，该部分明确了智力成果的保护，特 别明确了发明、实用新型、工业品外观设计以及商标等个性化标识的注册与保护措施。
Concerning patent prosecution and invalidation, Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation applies to patent applications having an application date of January 1, 2008 or later.
关于专利申请及其无效事项，《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第四部分适用于 2008 年 1 月 1 日或之后提交的专 利申请。
Infringing acts taking place after December 31, 2007 are subject to the Civil Code.
2007 年 12 月 31 日之后发生的侵权行为，将依照《民法典》的相关规定进行处理。
The new Administrative Regulations for the Acceptance Examination, Granting and Registration took effect on June 5, 2009. The Russian Federation joined the Patent Law Treaty on August 12, 2009, making a reservation in accordance with Article 23 (1) PLT that the provisions of Article 6 (1) PLT shall not apply to any requirement relating to the unity of invention applicable under the PCT to an international application.
新的《受理审查、授权和注册管理条例》自 2009 年 6 月 5 日起正式施行。俄罗斯联邦于 2009 年 8 月 12 日加入《专利法条约》， 并根据该条约第 23(1)条作出保留，即《专利法条约》第 6(1)条的规定不适用 于根据《专利合作条约》（PCT）提出的国际申请中有关发明统一性的任何要求。
Overview
概述
The Civil Code covers inter alia the following subject matters for which patents are granted:
《民法典》主要涉及以下可授予专利权的事项：
- Inventions
- 发明创造
- Utility models
- 实用新型
- Designs
- 外观设计
Inventions and utility models are results of intellectual activities in the field of science and technology. Inventions are for more substantive technical innovations, whereas utility model patents are intended for smaller technical improvements. Design patents cover results of intellectual activities in the field of artistic design.
发明与实用新型均属于科学技术领域的智力成果。发明专利侧重于更具实质性的技术创新， 而实用新型 专利则针对小幅技术改进。外观设计专利涵盖艺术设计领域的智力成果。
At the time being there is a practice of Russian companies to file patent applications preferably for utility models (which are not examined with respect to the patentability requirements i. e. novelty and industrial applicability) for slight modifications of products which are only protected outside the Russian Federation. If the genuine product is launched in the Russian Federation, it is possible that the owner of the utility model patent file an infringement action against the introduction into civil-law transactions of the genuine product. Therefore, it is recommended to file patent applications for at least the commercially most promising products also in the Russian Federation.
目前，俄罗斯企业界普遍采取的做法是，对于产品的小幅改动，倾向于申请实用新型专利（无需进行新 颖性和工业适用性的审查），而该实用新型专利仅在俄罗斯联邦境外受到保护。若相关产品在俄罗斯联 邦市场上市，实用新型专利所有人可对将该产品引入市场交易的行为提起侵权诉讼。因此， 建议至少在 俄罗斯联邦境内为具有商业潜力的产品也申请专利。
Patent enforcement in the Russian Federation is essentially characterized by two factors. First, the country is very large, and the legal expertise of courts may not be adequate in rural regions. How ever the major cities, in particular Moscow and Saint-Petersburg, are a reliable forum for patent infringement actions.
俄罗斯联邦专利实施的特点主要体现在两个方面。首先， 由于俄罗斯地域辽阔，农村地区的法院可能缺 乏足够的法律专业知识。然而，在莫斯科和圣彼得堡等大城市，专利侵权诉讼具有较高的可靠性。
Second, the Russian procedural law imposes a number of requirements for patent infringement actions which foreign patent owners may not be familiar to. In particular, foreign documents (for example an extract from the commercial register) used for patent infringement actions have to be legalised (or apostilled) and all foreign language documents have to be translated into Russian and certified.
其次，俄罗斯诉讼法对专利侵权诉讼设定了一些外国专利所有人可能不熟悉的要求。特别是， 用于专利 侵权诉讼的外国文件（如商业登记簿摘录）需经过公证（或加注），所有外文文件均需翻译成俄文并经 认证。
Nowadays, patent litigation has to be considered an effective means to defeat piracy and technology grabbing. We have noticed a significant increase of the number of patent litigations over the past years.
当前，专利诉讼已成为打击盗版和技术侵权行为的有效方案。我们注意到， 近年来专利诉讼案件数量显 著增加。
IP protection measures should not be limited to filing patent applications. It is rather advisable to implement an overall IP strategy covering prosecution, litigation as well as consideration of technical, administrative and political aspects.
知识产权的保护措施不应仅限于提交专利申请。更应采取全面的知识产权战略， 包括申请、诉讼以及技 术、行政和政治等多方面的考量。
Patent types & terms of protection
专利类型及保护条款
INVENTION PATENTS & UTILITY MODEL PATENT
发明专利与实用新型专利
An invention patent is granted for any technical solution relating to a product (or its use) or a process. A utility model patent is granted for any technical solution relating to an apparatus.
发明专利适用于与产品（或其用途）或工艺有关的任何技术解决方案。实用新型专利则适用于与仪器相 关的任何技术解决方案。
Please note that a utility model patent is not granted for a process, as well as a substance, a micro-organisation strain, an animal or plant cell culture or other products, which are not considered to be an apparatus.
请注意，实用新型专利不涵盖方法、物质、微生物菌种、动物或植物细胞培养物及其他产品， 因为这些 不被视为设备仪器。
To be patentable, the claimed invention must be novel and inventive over the prior art and must possess industrial applicability. The claimed utility model must be novel and industrially applicable.
相较于现有技术，申请专利的发明必须具备新颖性、创造性和工业适用性。而申请的实用新型则必须具 备新颖性和工业适用性。
Patent Eligibility
专利资格
The following shall not be objects of invention/utility model patents (Art. 1349, 3. Civil Code) 以下内容不属于发明专利或实用新型专利的范畴（《民法典》第 1349 条第 3 款）：
- human cloning technologies;
- 克隆人技术；
- techniques for modifying the genetic integrity of human embryo cells;
- 改变人类胚胎细胞基因完整性的技术；
- use of human embryos for industrial and commercial purposes
- 为工业和商业目的使用的人类胚胎；
- other solutions inconsistent with public interest and humane or moral principles
- 其他违反公共利益、人道主义或道德原则的解决方案。
Inter alia the following subject matters shall not be deemed inventions:
此外，以下主题不得被视为发明：
- Discoveries.
- 发现；
- Rules and methods of intellectual activities.
- 智力活动的规则和方法；
- Varieties of plants and animals and biological methods for producing them, except microbiological methods and products produced by such methods.
- 动植物品种及生产动植物品种的生物方法，但不包括微生物方法及其生产的产品。
Please note that invention patents are available for methods of treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body.
请注意，发明专利适用于通过手术或治疗对人体或动物进行治疗的方法，以及用于人体或动物的诊断方 法。
No legal protection as utility model is granted inter alia for solutions concerning only the appearance of articles aimed at meeting aesthetical needs.
对于仅涉及旨在满足审美需求的物品外观设计方案，不授予实用新型的法律保护。
Novelty
新颖性
To be patentable, the claimed subject matter of an invention/utility model patent must be novel over the prior art. A document is considered novelty destroying if it discloses all features of the claimed invention or the entirety of the significant features of the utility model.
相较于现有技术，发明专利或实用新型专利的申请主题必须具备新颖性。若某文献公开了申请发明的全 部特征或实用新型的所有重要特征，则该文献构成现有技术。
For an invention patent the prior art includes any information known to the public in the world before the priority date (“absolute novelty”).
对于发明专利，现有技术包括优先权日前全球范围内已公开的任何信息（“绝对新颖性”）。
For utility models the prior art includes any information published in the world concerning means having the same intended purpose as the claimed utility model, and information about the use thereof in the Russian Federation, if such information had become available to the general public prior to the priority date of the claimed utility model (“relative novelty”).
对于实用新型，现有技术包括全球范围内出版的与所申请的实用新型具有相同预期目的方式相关的任何 信息，以及在俄罗斯联邦使用这些手段的信息，若该信息在申请实用新型的优先权日前已公开（“相对 新颖性”）。
Furthermore, the claimed subject matter must be novel over the so-called “elder rights”. i.e. all -yet unpublished- pending patent applications filed with the Russian Patent Office by other persons before the priority date of the respective application (provided that these patent applications are published later on) and inventions and utility models patented in the Russian Federation with a prior time rank.
此外，申请的主题必须较“旧权利”具有新颖性，即他人于优先权日前向俄罗斯专利局提交且尚未出版的
所有专利申请（前提是这些申请后续会公布），以及在俄罗斯联邦获得专利的发明和实用新型的优先权。
For inventions and utility models there is a grace period of 6 months prior to the filing date concerning the disclosure of information concerning the corresponding subject matter by the inventor thereof, applicant or another person who has directly or indirectly obtained this information from them.
对于发明和实用新型，发明人、申请人或从他们那里直接或间接获取相关信息的他人， 在申报日期之前 享有 6 个月的宽限期。
Inventiveness
创造性
To be patentable, the claimed invention must be inventive over the prior art. As regards invention patents, inventiveness means that for the specialist the invention does not obviously ensue from the prior art.
相较于现有技术，申请专利的发明必须具备创造性。对于发明专利，创造性意味着该发明对于专家而言， 显然不是从现有技术中直接得出的。
Utility patents do not have to fulfil the patentability requirement “inventiveness”.
实用新型专利无需满足“创造性”这一专利要求。
Industrial applicability
工业适用性
Inventions and utility models have to fulfil the patentability requirement “industrial applicability”. An invention is deemed industrially applicable if it can be used in industry, agriculture, public health and other branches of economy or in the social sphere.
发明和实用新型必须满足“工业适用性”这一专利要求。若一项发明可用于工业、农业、公共卫生及其他 经济部门或社会领域，则视为具备工业适用性。
Furthermore, this requirement forms the basis of a frequent objection (especially in the field of chemistry) during substantive examination of invention patent applications concerning insufficient exemplification of the feasibility and purpose of an invention.
此外，在发明专利申请的实质审查中，由于发明的可行性和目的可能未能得到充分说明，这一要求常常 成为提出异议的依据（尤其是在化学领域）。
DESIGN PATENTS
外观设计专利
A design patent is granted for the artistic and design solution of a factory-made or home-made article which determines the appearance of the article.
外观设计专利适用于工厂制造或手工制作物品的艺术和设计方案，该方案决定了物品的外观。
Patent Eligibility
专利资格
The subject matter indicated in Art. 1349, 3. Civil Code (see above) shall also not be objects of a design patent. 《民法典》第 1349 条第 3 款所述的主题（详见上文）也不属于外观设计专利的范畴。
Design patents are not granted for the following subject matter:
以下主题不授予外观设计专利：
- solutions exclusively due to the technical function of an article;
- 完全由物品的技术功能决定的解决方案；
- objects of architecture, industrial, hydraulic engineering and other immovable structures;
- 建筑、工业、水利工程及其他不可移动结构的物体；
- objects of an instable form from fluid, gaseous, free flowing or similar substances.
- 由流体、气体等构成的物品外观设计。
Novelty
新颖性
An industrial design is deemed novel if the entirety of its significant features reflected on the images of the article and available in the list of the significant features of the industrial design is not known from the information which has been made available to public in the world before the priority date of the industrial design (“absolute novelty”). The significant features are the features determining the aesthetic and/or ergonomic characteristics of the appearance of an article, including the form, configuration, decoration and colour pattern.
若在工业品外观设计优先权日之前，该外观设计在物品图像上所体现的、并在工业品外观设计重要特征 列表中列明的全部重要特征，在全球范围内公开的信息中均未被知晓（以下简称“绝对新颖性”），则该 工业品外观设计应视为具有新颖性。所谓重要特征，是决定物品外观之美学及/或人体工程学特性的要 素，包括但不限于形状、结构、装饰以及色彩组合。
Furthermore the claimed design must be novel over the so-called elder rights, i.e. all - yet unpublished - pending design patent applications filed with the Russian Patent Office by other persons before the priority date of the respective application (provided that these design patent application are published later on) and industrial designs patented in the Russian Federation.
此外，所申请的工业品外观设计应相对于所谓的优先权保持新颖性，即在任何相关申请的优先权日之前，
其他个人或单位向俄罗斯专利局提交且尚未出版的外观设计专利申请（前提是该等申请后续得以公布）， 以及在俄罗斯联邦已获授权的工业品外观设计，均不得构成申请新颖性的障碍。
For an industrial design there is also a grace period of 6 months prior to the filing date concerning the disclosure of information with respect to an industrial design by the author, applicant or another person who has directly or indirectly obtained this information from them.
对于工业品外观设计而言，作者、申请人或从他们那里直接或间接获取信息的其他人在申报日期前 6 个
月内公开该工业品外观设计信息的，应给予宽限，不视为破坏该外观设计的新颖性。
Originality
原创性
The claimed design is deemed original if its significant features are caused by the creative nature of the article's characteristics.
若外观设计的重要特征由物品特征的创造性构成，则该外观设计应视为具备原创性。
TERMS OF PROTECTION
保护条款
The effective terms of the exclusive right to an invention, utility model and industrial design shall be as follows:
发明专利、实用新型专利及工业品外观设计专利权的保护期限规定如下：
- 20 years from the filing date for an invention
- 发明专利自申报日期起，保护期限为二十年；
- 10 years from the filing date for an utility model (may be extended up to 3 years)
- 实用新型专利自申报日期起，保护期限为十年，且在符合条件的情况下，可延长三年；
- 15 years from the filing date for an industrial design (may be extended up to 10 years).
- 工业品外观设计专利自申报日期起，保护期限为十五年，且在符合条件的情况下，可延长十年。
The term of an invention patent relating to a medicine, pesticide or agrochemical substance which requires a market authorization may be extended if more than five years have elapsed from the filing date until the receipt of the first market authorization.
涉及需市场授权的药品、杀虫剂或农业化学品的发明专利， 如果从申报日期起到获得首次市场授权的时 间超过五年，其保护期限准予延长。
The term shall be extended by the period that had elapsed from the filing date until the date of receipt of the first market authorization minus five years. The request for patent-term extension shall be filed by the patent owner within the effective term of the patent and before the expiry of 6 months after receipt of the market authorization or the date of issue of the patent, whichever of these terms expires later.
延长后的保护期限，应为申报日期至获得首次市场授权日的时间减去五年。延长专利期限的请求， 应由 专利所有人在专利有效期内、且在获得市场授权后六个月内或者在专利授权公告日之前提出， 以较晚日 期为准。
Please note that in the Russian Federation within the scope of an invention patent the effective terms of independent claims which relate to a compound (or group of compounds) or a composition are extended.
需注意的是，在俄罗斯联邦，发明专利的保护范围内，涉及化合物（或化合物群）或组合物的独立权利 要求保护期限，将根据规定予以延长。
Patent application/ Registration
专利申请与注册
HOW TO OBTAIN PATENT PROTECTION IN RUSSIA
在俄罗斯获取专利保护的程序
One route to obtain patent protection in the Russian Federation for the inventor or his successor is to file a Russian patent application with the Russian Patent Office.
发明人或者其继承人可在俄罗斯联邦申请专利保护，途径之一是向俄罗斯专利局递交俄罗斯专利申请。
THE RUSSIAN PATENT OFFICE
俄罗斯专利局
The structure of the Russian Patent Office (Ros patent) comprises the head and four directorates.
俄罗斯专利局由局长领导，下设四个处室。
The Russian Patent Office has two important divisions: the Federal Government Institution “Federal Institute for Intellectual Property Rights” and the Chamber for Patent Disputes.
俄罗斯专利局设有两个核心部门：联邦政府机构“联邦知识产权局”和专利纠纷仲裁法院。
The Federal Institute for Intellectual Property (FIPS) is subordinate to Ros patent.
联邦知识产权局（FIPS）隶属于俄罗斯专利局。
The Chamber for Patent Disputes (CPD) is a division ofFIPS.
专利纠纷仲裁法院（CPD）是联邦知识产权局的下属机构。
FIPS receives and examines patent applications.
联邦知识产权局负责接收和审查专利申请事宜。
CPD handles appeals to decisions (on the rejection, grant and deeming the patent application to be withdrawn) by Ros patent and nullity actions filed against an issued patent.
专利纠纷仲裁法院负责处理针对俄罗斯专利局作出的决定（包括驳回申请、授权决定以及视为撤回专利 申请）的上诉案件，并处理针对已授权专利提出的无效诉讼。
RUSSIAN NATIONAL FILING vs. EURASIAN REGIONAL FILING
俄罗斯国家申请与欧洲地区申请
Another route to obtain patent protection for an invention in the Russian Federation is to file a regional Eurasian patent application, designating Russia, with the Eurasian Patent Office, alternatively to the filing of a national Russian patent application with the Russian Patent Office. For further details concerning the Eurasian Patent System see the booklet “How to get a Eurasian Patent” (see: http://www.eapo. org/rus/ea/getpatent/).
在俄罗斯联邦获得发明专利保护的另一途径是通过向欧亚专利局提交欧亚地区专利申请（指定俄罗斯）
来替代向俄罗斯专利局提交的国家专利申请。有关欧亚专利制度的更多详情， 请参阅《如何获得欧亚专 利》手册（见：http://www.eapo. org/rus/ea/getpatent/）。
A comparison of the Eurasian route with the Russian route shows that (if the applicant is interested only in the Russian Federation) the Eurasian route is for the time being approximately twice as expensive as the Russian route.
欧亚途径与俄罗斯途径的比较表明（若申请人只对俄罗斯联邦感兴趣），欧亚途径的费用目前大约是俄 罗斯途径的两倍。
PCT- ROUTE
PCT 途径
The Soviet Union became member of the PCT in March 29, 1978.
苏联于 1978 年 3 月 29 日成为 PCT 成员。
Thus, the third route to obtain patent protection in the Russian Federation consists in designating/electing the Russian Federation in a PCT-application and in entering the national phase before the Russian Patent Office.
因此，在俄罗斯联邦获得专利保护的第三条途径是在 PCT 申请中指定/选择俄罗斯联邦，并进入俄罗斯 专利局的国家阶段申请。
The term for entry of the national phase before the Russian Patent Office is 31 months from the earliest priority date. Within this term the request for the entry into the national phase and the confirmation of the payment of the filing fee have to be filed.
向俄罗斯专利局提交国家阶段申请的期限为最早优先权日起 31 个月。在此期限内，必须提交进入国家 阶段的申请和申请费支付确认书。
The PCT-route has the advantage that some requirements of the Administrative Regulation, for example the requirement that dependent claims are strictly grouped together with the independent claims on which they depend, do not apply.
PCT 途径的优势在于，行政法规中的某些要求不适用，例如从属权利要求与其所属的独立权利要求要严 格归为一组的要求。
Since January 1, 1996, it is possible to designate/elect the Eurasian Patent Office. The term for entering the regional phase before the Eurasian Patent Office is 31 months from the earliest priority date.
自 1996 年 1 月 1 日起，可以指定/选择欧亚专利局。进入欧亚专利局区域阶段申请的期限为最早优先权 日起 31 个月。
Foreign companies with R&D facilities in the Russian Federation should be aware: First filing in the Russian Federation may be required!
在俄罗斯联邦设有研发机构的外国公司应注意：可能需要在俄罗斯联邦进行首次申报！
If an invention is created in the Russian Federation (e.g. made in a Russian R&D centre) according to the Civil Code a patent application has to be filed first in the Russian Federation due to the fact that an examination
concerning the fact whether it contains a state secret has to be carried out before a respective foreign (non Russian) patent application can be filed. Failure to comply with the requirement to first file such an invention in Russia will result in an administrative liability.
根据《民法典》，若发明是在俄罗斯联邦创造的（例如是在俄罗斯研发中心创造的），则必须首先在俄 罗斯联邦提交专利申请，因为在提交相应的外国（非俄罗斯）专利申请之前，必须对发明是否包含国家 机密进行审查。若未遵守要求首先在俄罗斯提出此类发明的专利申请，将承担行政责任。
However, it is prohibited to classify a patent application as a state secret if the applicant is a foreign citizen or a foreign legal entity. Thus, said requirement refers only to applications filed by Russian applicants/co-applicants.
但是，若申请人是外国公民或外国法人实体，则禁止将专利申请归类为国家机密。因此， 上述要求仅适 用于俄罗斯申请人/共同申请人提交的申请。
Where the applicant has not been notified by the Russian Patent Office 6 months after filing the patent application, he may file abroad without further approval. The applicant may also file a request for examination concerning the presence of a state secret in order to accelerate the proceedings and to earlier file the patent application abroad (in case the patent application does not contain a state secret)
若申请人在提交专利申请 6 个月后仍未收到俄罗斯专利局的通知，则可在国外提交申请，无需进一步审 批。申请人也可以就是否存在国家机密提出审查请求， 以加快程序并（在专利申请不包含国家机密的情 况下）提前在国外提交专利申请。
PRIORITY DATE
优先权日
The priority date is the filing date of the first patent application (in a member state of the Paris Convention) covering the subject matter. This priority date can be claimed in a subsequent Russian invention or utility model application, filed not later than 12 months (6 months for design patents) after the first application.
优先权日是指（在《巴黎公约》成员国） 涉及主题专利申请的首次申报日期。该优先权日可在随后的俄 罗斯发明或实用新型申请中提出，申请时间不得晚于首次申请后 12 个月（外观设计专利为 6 个月）。
Foreign companies must use a patent attorney registered with the Russian Patent Office to handle the filing of a patent application.
外国公司必须安排在俄罗斯专利局注册的专利律师来处理专利申请。
The request to grant a patent shall be filed in Russian language. The Russian translation of the application materials can be filed together with the request to grant a patent (for a national patent application) or within the 31 months term (for a PCT- application) or within 2 months after receipt of a corresponding notification (said term can be extended up to 10 months).
专利申请应以俄文提交。申请材料的俄文译文可与授予专利请求一起提交（针对国家专利申请），或在 31 个月的期限内提交（针对 PCT 申请），或在收到相应通知后 2 个月内提交（上述期限最多可延长 10 个月）。
If there are two patent applications filed on the same invention, the patent is granted to the one who has filed his
patent application first (first-to-file-system).
若就同一发明提交了两份专利申请，则将专利授予先提交专利申请的一方（先申请制）。
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR INVENTION PATENTS
发明专利的审查程序
There is a two-step examination procedure for invention patent applications.
发明专利申请的审查程序分为两个步骤。
Step one: Formal examination
第一步：形式审查
A patent application must be filed with the Russian Patent Office. If the Patent Office receives a patent application and finds that the application documents are complete and comply with the established requirements, it will publish the patent application 18 months after the filing date (in case of a national application) or 18 months after the expiry of the 31 months term (in case of a PCT-application).
必须向俄罗斯专利局提交专利申请。若专利局收到专利申请并认为申请文件齐全且符合既定要求， 则将 在申报日期 18 个月后（若是国内申请）或在 31 个月期限届满 18 个月后（若是 PCT 申请）公布该专利 申请。
Step two: substantive examination
第二步：实质审查
The applicant for an invention patent must file a request for substantive examination within 3 years of the filing date, upon which the Patent Office will examine the patentability of the claimed invention.
发明专利申请人必须在申报日期起 3 年内提出实质审查请求，专利局将据此审查所述发明是否具有专利 性。
If the applicant fails to request substantive examination within said term, the application will be deemed to be withdrawn.
若申请人未在上述期限内申请实质审查，则视为撤回申请。
There are some typical prosecution issues for invention patents in Russia
俄罗斯的发明专利存在一些典型的申请问题
- Translation:translationaccuracy is an important issue for patent applications filed by foreign entities in Russia. Russian examiners are famous for drawing the applicant's attention to translation errors.
- 翻译：翻译准确性是外国实体在俄罗斯提交专利申请时的一个重要问题。俄罗斯审查员以提请申请人注意翻译错误而闻名。
- Amendments during prosecution: Russia hasnotthe same stringent approach as the EPO regarding amendments made during patent prosecution. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the applicant is entitled to amend the application documents unless the essence of the invention is changed.
Additional materials are deemed to change the essence of an invention if they comprise features which are supposed to be included in the claim- set but which had not been disclosed in the priority documents. (Note: According to the Administrative Regulation the original application documents are meant and not the priority documents)
- 申请期间的修改：俄罗斯对于专利申请过程中的修改并不像欧洲专利局那样严格。根据《俄罗斯联邦民法典》， 除非发明的实质内容发生了变化，否则申请人有权修改申请文件。若附加材料包含本应包含 在权利要求组合中但未在优先权文件中披露的特征，则视为发明的实质内容发生了变化。（注：根据行 政法规，是指原申请文件，而非优先权文件。）
- Claims: According to theadministrative Regulation a claim- set should not comprise a multiple- dependent claim forming the basis for a further multiple-dependent claim. If a claim-set infringes this requirement, there are several ways how to fulfil it. If the applicant chooses to preserve the original entirety of feature combinations by adding a multiple set of dependent claims, each having a single reference, it must be considered whether this way will not incur unnecessary costs. Thus, it has to be considered that an amendment fee (if the amendments are not filed within 2 months after the filing date) and maybe a claim fee (if the number of claims exceeds 25) has to be paid. Furthermore, it has to be considered that for the time being in a nullity action the patent owner is entitled to amend an independent claim by incorporating features from a dependent claim or the description. For infringement proceeding, only the independent claims are relevant. In view of this situation, it might be more appropriate to substitute the multiple references of dependent claims by single references.
- 权利要求：根据行政法规，权利要求组合不应包括构成进一步多项从属权利要求基础的多项从属权利要求。若权利要求组合违反这一要求，有几种方法可以满足该要求。若申请人选择通过增加多组从属权利要求（每组从属权利要求都有一个单一引用）来保留原有的全部特征组合，则必须考虑这种方式是否 不会产生不必要的费用。因此，必须考虑到必须支付修改费用（若在申报日期后 2 个月内未提交修改）， 或许还必须支付权利要求费（若权利要求数量超过 25 件）。此外，还必须考虑到，在无效诉讼中，专 利所有人暂时有权通过纳入从属权利要求或描述中的特征来修改独立权利要求。在侵权诉讼中， 只有独 立权利要求是相关的。鉴于此情况，用单一引用代替从属权利要求中的多个引用可能更为合适。
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR UTILITY MODEL PATENTS
实用新型专利的审查程序
For a utility model patent application, there is no substantive examination procedure: the Patent Office only carries out a formal examination, examining: unity, completeness of the application documents and whether the claimed solution is a technical solution protectable as a utility model. If no ground for rejection can be found, the Patent Office issues a patent certificate, valid for 10 years from the filing date (may be extended up to 3 years).
实用新型专利申请没有实质审查程序：专利局只进行形式审查，审查：统一性、申请文件的完整性以及 所要求的解决方案是否是可作为实用新型保护的技术解决方案。若没有驳回理由， 专利局将颁发专利证 书，有效期为自申报日期起 10 年（最多可延长 3 年）。
Parallel filing of an invention patent and a utility model patent application / Transformation of an invention patent application
同时提交发明专利和实用新型专利申请/发明专利申请的转化
According to Art. 1383, 2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it is not allowed that two patents (1 for an invention and 1 for a utility model identical thereto) having the same applicant and the same priority are granted. The second patent will only be granted after the applicant has renounced from the first patent.
根据《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第 1383 条第 2 款，不允许授予具有相同申请人和相同优先权的两项专利（一 项发明专利和一项与其相同的实用新型专利）。只有在申请人放弃第一项专利后，才会授予第二项专利。
Until the publication of the invention patent application but not later than the date of the decision on the issuance of a patent, an invention patent application can be transformed into a utility model application.
在发明专利申请公布之前，但不迟于专利授权决定之日，发明专利申请可以转化为实用新型申请。
Until the date of the decision on the issuance of a utility model patent, the utility model application can be transformed into an invention patent application.
在决定授予实用新型专利之前，实用新型申请可以转化为发明专利申请。
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN PATENTS
外观设计专利的审查程序
Patent applications on designs are filed with the Russian Patent Office. Like for invention patent applications, there is a formal examination procedure followed by a substantive examination procedure for design patent applications. A design patent certificate is issued when the application is considered patentable, having a validity of 15 years from the filing date (may be extended up to 10 years).
向俄罗斯专利局提交外观设计专利申请。与发明专利申请一样，外观设计专利申请也有形式审查程序和 实质审查程序。当根据申请认为可授予专利时，将颁发外观设计专利证书，有效期为自申报日期起 15 年（最多可延长 10 年）。
A patent application for an industrial design shall be relating to one design or a group of designs interrelated to the extent of forming a united creative concept (the concept of unity of an industrial design).
工业品外观设计专利申请应涉及一项外观设计或一组相互关联的外观设计，以形成一个统一的创造性概 念（工业品外观设计的统一概念）。
It should be noted that a design patent application must comprise a written description of the design. Furthermore, in order to obtain a filing date, it is necessary to file a list of the significant features of the industrial design (in a form similar to a claim), a set of images of the article and a request for the grant of a patent on an industrial design application.
需要注意的是，外观设计专利申请必须包含对外观设计的书面说明。此外， 为了获得申报日期，有必要 提交一份工业品外观设计重要特征清单（形式类似于权利要求）、一组物品图片和一份工业品外观设计 申请专利授予请求书。
Nullity / Appeal proceedings
无效/上诉程序
NULLITY ACTIONS
无效诉讼
According to the Civil Code there are the following grounds for the Nullity of Invention, Utility Model and Design patents:
根据《民法典》，发明、实用新型和外观设计专利无效的理由如下：
- The claimed subject matter does not comply with theconditionsof patentability.
- 所申请的主题不符合专利性条件。
- Thegrantedclaims or the list of significant features contain features which go beyond the disclosure of the original application.
- 已授予的权利要求或重要特征清单包含的特征超出了原申请公开范围。
- The patent has been grantedalthoughthere were several applications for identical inventions, utility models or industrial designs having one and the same priority date.
- 尽管有多份相同发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计的申请具有相同的优先权日，但该专利已被授予。
- Thepatenthas been issued indicating as inventor or patent owner a person not being such or without indication in the patent as inventor or patent owner of a person being such.
- 已颁发的专利表明，所述发明人或专利所有人并非发明人或专利所有人，或专利中未表明所述发明人或专利所有人确是发明人或专利所有人。
Any legal entity or individual person may file a nullity action based on grounds 1-3.) with the CPD at Ros patent and ground 4.) with the Court to have the patent be declared invalid in full or in part. The petitioner does not need to show any particular legal interest in filing such a nullity action for grounds 1-3. There is no time limit for filing such a nullity action.
任何法人实体或个人均可以依据第 1.)至 3.)条向俄罗斯专利局专利纠纷解决委员会提起无效诉讼，并依 据第 4.)条向法院提起无效诉讼，以宣布专利全部或部分无效。申请人无需证明任何特殊的法定权益， 即可基于第 1.)至 3.)条提起此类无效诉讼。提起此类无效诉讼没有时间限制。
APPEAL PROCEEDINGS
上诉程序
If the Patent Office issues a decision on rejection, grant, or deeming the application to be withdrawn, the applicant may file an appeal with the CPD at Ros patent. The appeal must be filed within six months from the date of receipt of the decision or from the date of receipt of copies of prior art cited in said decision, if the applicant has requested said copies within 2 months after the receipt of said decision.
若专利局做出驳回、授予或视为撤回申请的决定， 申请人可向俄罗斯专利局的专利纠纷解决委员会提起 上诉。上诉必须在收到决定之日起 6 个月内提出，若申请人在收到该决定后 2 个月内要求获得决定中引
用的现有技术副本，则必须在收到副本之日起 6 个月内提出。
Court proceedings
法律诉讼程序
In case of a decision of Ros patent (to which the conclusion of the CPD on the results of the examination of an appeal is attached) to reject the appeal, it is possible to file a request for invalidation of an unlawful decision of a state organ with the Arbitration Court. The request has to be filed within 3 months after the issuance of the decision. In case of a negative decision of the first instance of the Arbitration Court an appeal can be filed with the appellation instance of the Arbitration Court
若俄罗斯专利局决定（附专利纠纷解决委员会对上诉审查结果的结论）驳回上诉，则可以向仲裁庭申请 宣布国家机关的非法决定无效。申请必须在决定发布后 3 个月内提出。若仲裁庭一审作出否定裁决，可 向仲裁庭的上诉庭提起上诉
(deadline: 1 month from the issuance of the decision) or with the cassation instance of the Arbitration Court (deadline: 2 months after the decision came into force). A negative decision of the appellation instance can be further appealed to the cassation instance of the Arbitration Court (deadline: 2 months after the decision came into force). A negative decision of the cassation instance can be further appealed to the Higher Arbitration Court (deadline: 3 months after the decision came into force).
（期限：裁决发布后 1 个月内）或向仲裁庭的撤销原判庭提起上诉（期限：裁决生效后 2 个月内）。若 上诉庭作出否定裁决，还可以进一步向仲裁庭的撤销原判庭提起上诉（期限：裁决生效后 2 个月内）。 若撤销原判庭作出否定裁决，还可以进一步向上级仲裁庭提起上诉（期限：裁决生效后 3 个月内）。
Assignment and licensing; Compulsory licences
转让和许可；强制许可
The right to obtain a patent (i.e a pending patent application) or the exclusive right to a registered patent for an invention, utility model or industrial design may be assigned to another party. The assignment contracts with respect to a patent application or a patent must be in written form, otherwise the contract is invalid. The assignment with respect to a patent must be registered with the Patent Office.
发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计获得专利（即专利申请待批）的权利或注册专利的专有权可转让给另 一方。与专利申请或专利有关的转让合同必须采用书面形式， 否则合同无效。专利转让必须在专利局登 记。
The assignment takes effect on the date of registration.
转让自登记之日起生效。
A patent owner may also license the right of using an invention, utility model or industrial design certified by his patent to other parties. The written contract has to be recorded with the Russian Patent Office, otherwise the contract is invalid.
专利所有人也可将其专利认证的发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计的使用权许可给其他方。书面合同必 须在俄罗斯专利局备案，否则合同无效。
Foreign owners should be aware of the compulsory licensing provisions under the Civil Code. Compulsory (simple) licenses may be granted by a court decision where the patentee, after expiration of 4 years from the grant of the patent right with respect to an invention or industrial design or 3 years from the grant of the patent right with respect to an utility model has not sufficiently exploited the patent without any good reason, if the patent owner refuses to conclude a license contract on the terms meeting the prevailing practise. The patentee insufficiently exploits the patent if he fails to meet the domestic demand of relevant goods, works or services. Furthermore compulsory licenses are granted by court decisions for inventions representing an important technical achievement and having significant economic advantages over the invention or utility model of the holder of a first patent, for the exploitation of dependent patents.
外国所有人应了解《民法典》中的强制许可规定。若专利权人在获得发明或工业品外观设计专利权 4 年 后，或获得实用新型专利权 3 年后，在没有任何正当理由的情况下仍未充分使用专利，而专利所有人又 拒绝按照符合现行惯例的条款签订许可合同，则法院可判决授予强制（简易）许可。若专利权人不能满 足相关商品、作品或服务的国内需求， 则认为专利权人未充分使用专利。此外， 对于代表重要技术成就 的发明，以及与第一项专利持有人的发明或实用新型相比具有显著经济优势的发明，法院可通过判决授 予强制许可，以使用从属专利。
Employee’s inventions
雇员的发明
Companies having R&D facilities in Russia should be aware of the Russian provisions concerning employee's inventions according to the Civil Code. An invention, utility model or industrial design created by an employee in the course of his duties or a specific assignment of the employer shall be deemed a service invention, utility model or industrial design. The right of attribution in respect of a service invention, utility model or design belongs to the employee. The exclusive right and the right to obtain a patent are owned by the employer, except as otherwise envisaged by a contract. Unless within 4 months after being notified in writing by the employee the employer files a patent application, assigns the right of obtaining a patent to another person or notifies the employee that the information on the relevant result of intellectual activity is kept secret, the right to obtain a patent shall be owned by the employee. If the employer obtains a patent or decides to keep information secret or assigns the right to obtain a patent to another person or does not receive a patent for reasons within the employer's control, the employee shall be entitled to a remuneration. The amount of the remuneration, the terms and procedure for the employer to pay it out shall be defined by a contract between the employer and the employee, or by the court in the case of a dispute. The government of the Russian Federation is entitled to set minimum rates for the remuneration. Until this happens the rates indicated in Art. 32 of the Law about Inventions in the Soviet Union of May 31, 1991, are applied.
在俄罗斯设有研发机构的公司应了解俄罗斯《民法典》中有关雇员发明的规定。雇员在履行职责过程中 或雇主的特定任务中创造的发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计， 应视为职务发明、实用新型或工业品外 观设计。职务发明、实用新型或外观设计的署名权属于雇员。除非有合同另有规定， 否则专有权和获得 专利的权利归雇主所有。除非雇主在接到雇员的书面通知后 4 个月内提出专利申请、将获得专利的权利 转让给他人或通知雇员对智力活动相关成果的信息保密，否则获得专利的权利应归雇员所有。若雇主获 得了专利，或决定对信息保密，或将获得专利的权利转让给他人，或由于雇主可控范围内的原因未获得
专利，雇员应有权获得报酬。报酬的数额、雇主支付报酬的条款和程序应按雇主和雇员之间签订的合同 确定，或在发生争议时由法院确定。俄罗斯联邦政府有权设定最低报酬标准。在此之前， 1991 年 5 月 31 日前苏联发明法第 32 条中规定的费率适用。
Patent infringement
专利侵权
INFRINGING ACTS
侵权行为
Without the authorisation of the patent owner (applicable to invention, utility model as well as design patents) no other person may exploit the patent, i.e
未经专利所有人授权（适用于发明专利、实用新型专利和外观设计专利） ，其他人不得使用该专利，即：
- make, use, offer to sell, sell and import, other introduction into civil- law transactions or storage for such purposes ofa product in which the invention or utility model is used or ofan article in which the industrial design is used.
- 制造、使用、要约出售、销售和进口、以其他方式引入民法交易或为此目的储存使用了该发明或实用 新型的产品或使用了该工业品外观设计的物品。
- Commission of the above described actions with respect to a product obtained by a patented method. If the product is novel then an identical product shall be deemed produced by the patented method unless otherwise proven.
- 对通过专利方法获得的产品实施上述行为。若产品是新颖的， 则除非另有证明，否则相同的产品应被 视为是用专利方法生产的。
- Commission of the above described actions with respect to an apparatus in whose operation the patented method is automatically implemented.
- 对自动执行专利方法的设备实施上述行为。
- The implementation of the method in which the invention is used, for instance by means of applying the method.
- 采取使用了发明的方法，例如应用该方法。
An invention or utility model shall be deemed to be used if a product contains or a method uses each feature of an independent claim of the invention or utility model or a feature equivalent thereto (which is a feature that had become known in the given field before the infringing act was committed).
若产品包含或方法使用了发明或实用新型的独立权利要求中的每个特征或与之相当的特征（即在实施侵 权行为之前已在特定领域为人所知的特征），则应视为使用了该发明或实用新型。
An industrial design shall be deemed to be used if an article contains all the significant features of the industrial design which are reflected in the images of the article and indicated in the list of the significant features of the industrial design.
如果某物品包含了工业品外观设计的所有重要特征，且这些特征反映在该物品的图像中，并在工业品外
观设计重要特征列表中标明，则该物品应被视为使用了该工业品外观设计。
POSSIBLE DEFENCES OF THE ALLEGED INFRINGER
被控侵权人可能提出的抗辩
Inter alia the following actions are not deemed to be an infringement:
此外，以下行为不视为侵权：
- Private use (non-commercial use)
- 私人使用（非商业用途）
- The carrying out of scientific research of a product or method or of an experiment with respect to a product, method or article.
- 对产品或方法进行科学研究，或对产品、方法或物品进行实验。
- The importation into the territory of the Russian Federation, the application, offer for sale, sale, other introduction into civil-law transactions or storage for such purposes ofa product in which the invention or utility model is used or of an article in which the industrial design is used, if the product or article has been earlier introduced in civil- law transactions on the territory of the Russian Federation by the patent holder or by another person on a permission of the patent holder (national exhaustion).
- 将使用了发明或实用新型的产品或使用了工业品外观设计的物品进口到俄罗斯联邦境内，在民法交易 中应用、要约出售、销售或以其他方式引入或为此目的进行储存， 条件是该产品或物品已由专利持有人 或经专利持有人许可的其他人在俄罗斯联邦境内的民事法律交易中引入（国内耗尽）。
The statute of limitations for patent infringement is three years starting from the date the patent holder knew or should have known of the existence of the patent infringement.
专利侵权的诉讼时效为三年，自专利持有人知道或应当知道存在专利侵权行为之日起计算。
Enforcement of patent rights in Russia
在俄罗斯实施专利权
The protection of a patented exclusive right to an invention, utility model and industrial design may be exercised only after state registration and issuance of a patent (please note that an invention patent application enjoys temporary legal protection starting from the publication of the application until the publication of information on the issuance of the patent. For the illegal use during this period, the infringer shall pay a monetary compensation to the patent owner after issuance of the patent).
发明、实用新型和工业品外观设计专利专有权的保护只有在国家注册并颁发专利后才能行使（请注意， 发明专利申请从申请公布起至专利颁发信息公布前享有临时法律保护。在此期间非法使用的， 侵权人应 当在专利颁发后向专利所有人支付金钱赔偿）。
In accordance with the legislation, patent owners have three main options for enforcement once they discover that their rights are being infringed:
根据法律规定，专利所有人一旦发现自己的权利受到侵犯，主要有三种维权途径：
1.) Administrative enforcement, including border measures, anti- monopoly proceedings.
1.) 行政执法，包括边境措施、反垄断诉讼。
2.) Civil enforcement.
2.) 民事强制执行。
3.) Criminal enforcement
3.) 刑事强制执行。
For complex technical questions related to invention or utility model patents civil enforcement is by far the most important option.
对于与发明或实用新型专利有关的复杂技术问题，民事强制执行是迄今为止最重要的选择。
ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT
行政执法
Under the Code of Administrative Offences unauthorized use of an invention, utility model or industrial design entails payment of a fine (for a natural person between 1.500.- and 2.000.- RUB, for a legal entity between 30.000.- and 100.000.- RUB) and seizure of the infringing goods. Administrative cases are investigated by the militia (a specialist police unit) or customs organs and tried by the courts.
根据《俄罗斯联邦行政犯罪法典》， 未经授权使用发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计将被处以罚款（自 然人为 1.500-2.000 卢布，法人实体为 30.000-100.000 卢布）并没收侵权产品。行政案件由民兵（专业 警察部队）或海关机构负责调查，并由法院审理。
Under the Law on Protection of Competition, the sale, exchange and other putting into circulation of goods is prohibited, if in doing so, the results of intellectual activities, for example, patents were unlawfully used.
根据《保护竞争法》， 若在销售、交换和以其他方式将商品投入流通的过程中非法使用了智力活动的成 果，例如专利，此类行为是被禁止的。
Such actions are considered unfair competition and are investigated by the Federal Anti-Monopoly Service. A successful action may terminate the infringement. The Anti-Monopoly Service may order that the infringer has to transfer his profits to the state budget.
此类行为被视为不正当竞争，并由俄罗斯联邦反垄断局进行调查。成功的诉讼可终止侵权行为。俄罗斯 联邦反垄断局可命令侵权人将其利润转入国家预算中。
Against this decision a request for invalidation of an unlawful decision of a state organ with the Arbitration Courts may be filed.
针对这一决定，可向仲裁庭提出申请，要求宣布国家机关的非法决定无效。
Administrative proceedings are carried out at the place where the infringing act occurs.
行政诉讼在侵权行为发生地进行。
CIVIL ENFORCEMENT
民事强制执行
General overview of the court system
法院系统概览
Russia splits its court jurisdiction into two, namely:
俄罗斯将其法院管辖权分为两部分，即：
- the Courts of General Jurisdiction and
- 一般管辖权法院，以及
- the Arbitration Courts.
- 仲裁庭。
The Courts of General Jurisdiction are competent, if at least one party of the dispute is a natural person. Infringement actions between legal persons are tried by the Arbitration Courts. In a patent infringement case, the Courts of General Jurisdiction comprise 3 levels (District Court, Court of the Subject of the Russian Federation, Higher Court), the Arbitration Courts comprise 4 levels (Arbitration Court of the Subject of the Russian Federation (first level), Arbitration Appellation Court (2nd level), Federal Arbitration Circuit Court (3rd level), Higher Arbitration Court).
若争议的至少一方是自然人，则一般管辖权法院具有管辖权。法人之间的侵权诉讼由仲裁庭审理。在专 利侵权案件中，一般管辖法院包括 3 个级别（地区法院、俄罗斯联邦主体法院、上级法院） ，仲裁庭包 括 4 个级别【俄罗斯联邦主体仲裁庭（一级）、仲裁上诉法院（二级）、联邦仲裁巡回法院（三级）、 上级仲裁庭】。
Preparing a patent infringement statement of claim
准备专利侵权权利要求书
Filing a patent infringement requires careful planning and preparation of the case.
提起专利侵权诉讼需要仔细规划和准备。
The crucial issues in the preparation of the case consist in obtaining a sample of the infringing product, (in case of a chemical product) analysis of the infringing product by an independent laboratory, collecting evidence for the fact that the infringing product has been introduced into civil-law transactions, translating and certifying all foreign-language documents.
案件准备过程中的关键问题包括获取侵权产品样本，（若是化学产品）由独立实验室对侵权产品进行分 析，收集侵权产品已被引入民事法律交易的证据，翻译和核证所有外文文件。
It is not a prerequisite for an infringement suit to send a warning letter to the infringer. Depending on the intentions of the infringer, a warning letter might result in a cease of infringing or in initiating counter-actions (like filing a patent application; please note that in such a situation when indeed a patent application is filed (with a later time rank and having identical or equivalent features compared to the patent-in-suit) and a patent granted,
the Arbitration Courts decided in the field of invention and utility model patents that as long as the patent with the later time rank is valid the actions of its owner are not considered as infringing the patent with the earlier time rank.
向侵权人发出警告信并不是提起侵权诉讼的先决条件。根据侵权人的意图， 警告信可能会导致侵权停止 或采取应对措施（如提交专利申请），请注意，在这种情况下，若确实提交了专利申请（时间排序在后， 且具有与诉讼专利相同或等同的特征）并获得专利授权，仲裁庭在发明和实用新型专利领域裁定，只要 时间排序在后的专利有效，其所有人的行为就不被视为侵犯时间排序在前的专利。
A civil infringement suit as a rule has to be filed at the place where the infringer is located.
民事侵权诉讼通常必须在侵权人所在地提起。
Preliminary Injunctions and Evidence Preservation
初步禁令和证据保全
The plaintiff can request the Arbitration Court to stop infringing acts (preliminary injunction) and seize infringing products before the lawsuit. These measures are called preliminary security measures. Prerequisite for such preliminary measures is that the plaintiff shows that: (1) his lawful rights are being infringed, or the infringement is imminent, (2a) the infringement will result in significant damage to the patent owner, or (2b) not taking the measures would make the execution of the decision more difficult or impossible.
原告可以在诉讼前请求仲裁庭停止侵权行为（初步禁令）并扣押侵权产品。这些措施被称为初步安全措 施。采取此类初步措施的前提条件是，原告证明：(1)其合法权利正在受到侵犯，或侵权行为即将发生， (2a)侵权行为将给专利所有人造成重大损失，或(2b)不采取措施将使决定的执行变得更加困难或不可能。
The plaintiff shall provide a security (such as a local bank account or local bank guarantee) to the court to obtain preliminary measures. Furthermore the Plaintiff has to institute legal proceedings within 15 days after the Arbitration Court issued a decision to take preliminary measures. If the plaintiff fails to do so, the Arbitration Court terminates the preliminary measures.
原告应向法院提供担保（如当地银行账户或当地银行担保），以获得初步措施。此外， 原告必须在仲裁 庭做出采取初步措施决定后 15 天内提起法律诉讼。若原告没有这样做，仲裁庭将终止初步措施。
According to our knowledge preliminary security measures in patent matters have not been granted so far. This is mainly due to the fact that in a preliminary injunction proceeding, the judge can not rely on an expert opinion concerning the patent infringement. It has to be noted that security measures can also be requested (concerning the requirements see above) during the lawsuit before the Arbitration Court and the Court of General Jurisdiction. Such requests have been granted in patent matters.
据我们所知，迄今为止尚未批准过专利方面的初步安全措施。这主要是因为在初步禁令程序中， 法官不 能依赖有关专利侵权的专家意见。必须指出的是， 在向仲裁庭和一般管辖权法院提起诉讼期间，也可以 （就上述要求）要求采取安全措施。此类请求已在专利事务中获得批准。
Trial procedures, outcome and timeline
审判程序、结果和时间表
After the patent infringement suit is filed with the competent court, it will be served to the defendant. If the defendant wants to question the validity of the patent-in-suit, he has to file a separate nullity action with the CPD at Ros patent. Please note that the infringement procedure will not be suspended until the CPD at Ros patent has decided the nullity case. In case of patents (i.e. cases requiring special knowledge) courts generally order an expert opinion (on request of a party participating in the proceedings, see explanation below).
专利侵权诉讼向管辖法院提起后，将送达给被告。若被告想对诉讼专利的有效性提出质疑， 则必须在俄 罗斯专利局向专利纠纷解决委员会提起单独的无效诉讼。请注意， 在俄罗斯专利局的专利纠纷解决委员 会对无效案件做出裁决之前，侵权程序不会中止。在专利案件（即需要特殊知识的案件）中，法院通常 会要求提供专家意见（应诉讼参与方的要求，见下文解释）。
In practise, the party requesting an expert opinion also proposes a specific independent expert (under indication of name and qualification) and a questionnaire to be answered by the expert. Furthermore, the party and the expert have to agree upon a remuneration for the expert. The court will after hearing the parties decide which expert will be appointed. Please note that the court may also appoint a team of experts.
在实践中，请求专家意见的一方还会推荐一位特定的独立专家（注明姓名和资历）和一份由该专家回答 的问卷。此外，当事人和专家必须就专家的报酬达成一致。法院将在听取各方意见后决定指定哪位专家。 请注意，法院也可以指定一个专家小组。
The court will schedule a preliminary hearing, which will be held usually within two months after receipt of the suit by the court. Thereafter, the court will schedule the main hearing on the merits After the main hearing, the court will render a decision. The 1st instance decision becomes final and enforceable if it is not appealed within one month after issuance of the decision or the appeal is eventually dismissed.
法院将安排初步听证会，通常在法院收到诉讼后两个月内举行。之后， 法院将安排就案情进行主要听证 会，在主要听证会后，法院将做出裁决。若在裁决发布后一个月内未提出上诉或上诉最终被驳回，一审 裁决即成为最终裁决并可强制执行。
The average duration of first instance Arbitration Court proceedings is approx. 6-10 months, the second-instance Court level takes usually 2-3 months, Cassation Court proceedings usually take 3-4 months, proceedings at the Higher Arbitration Court take 1-2 years.
一审仲裁庭的平均审理时间约为 6-10 个月，二审法院的审理时间通常为 2-3 个月，最高上诉法院的审 理时间通常为 3-4 个月，上级仲裁庭的审理时间为 1-2 年。
The court fees for each instance of the Arbitration Court are relatively low (2.000.--RUB for the 1st Instance, 1.000.- RUB for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Instance each).
仲裁庭每次审理的诉讼费相对较低（一审 2.000 卢布，二审、三审和四审各 1.000 卢布）。
Damages
损害赔偿
If the infringement is proven, the patent owner may demand the recovery of damages. The damages include the expenditures, which the person, whose right has been infringed, has incurred or has to incur in order to be reinstated into his rights (actual damages) as well as the not-obtained income (lost profit). Instead of the lost profit the plaintiff may demand compensation in the amount of the profits, which the infringer earned. The losing party is obligated to reimburse the legal costs for experts, testimonies etc. and the other party’s attorney fees to a reasonable amount.
若侵权行为得到证实，专利所有人可以要求损害赔偿。损害赔偿包括权利被侵犯人为恢复其权利已经发 生或必须发生的支出（实际损害赔偿）以及无法获得的收入（利润损失）。原告可要求侵权人赔偿其所 赚取的收益，而非所失利润。败诉方有义务按合理数额赔偿专家、证言等相关法律费用， 以及对方的律 师费。
CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT
刑事执法
The Criminal Code provides that unauthorized use of an invention, utility model or industrial design is a criminal offence, if by such actions a major damage is caused (approx. 50.000.--RUB depending on the circumstances of the case).
《刑法典》规定， 未经授权使用发明、实用新型或工业品外观设计的， 如果造成重大损失（约 5 万卢布， 视情况而定），即构成刑事犯罪。
Criminal cases are investigated by the Ministry of Interior and tried by the Courts of General Jurisdiction. 刑事案件由内政部调查，并由一般管辖权法院审理。
Where found guilty the infringer can face:
如果被判有罪，侵权人将面临：
- a fine up to 200.000.- RUB
- 最高 20 万卢布的罚款；
- a fine of an amount equivalent to the relevant person's income in a period of up to 18 months
- 相当于相关人士在最多 18 个月期间内的收入的罚款；
- a compulsory work order for between 180 and 240 hours or
- 180 至 240 小时的强制性劳动；或
- imprisonment up to two years.
- 最高两年监禁。
If an infringement is committed by a group of persons by previous arrangement or by an organised group they can face:
如果侵权行为是由一群人员有计划地实施或由有组织的团体实施的，他们将面临：
- a fine from 100.000.- RUB up to 300.000.- RUB
- 10 万至30 万卢布的罚款；
- a fine in an amount equivalent to the relevant person’s income of a period of from 1 up to 2 years
- 相当于相关人士在 1 年以上 2 年以内的收入的罚款；
- arrest from 4 months up to 6 months or
- 4 至 6 个月的拘捕；或
- imprisonment up to five years.
- 最高五年监禁。
Sources of law & practice
法律渊源与惯例
- Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, brought into force on January 1, 2008 by Federal Law No.231-FZ of 18.12.2006.
- 2006 年 12 月 18 日第 No.231-FZ 号《联邦法》颁布的《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第四部分于 2008 年 1 月 1 日生效。
- Administrative Regulation for performing the government functions of organising the acceptance of applications on inventions, their examination and grant in the established order of patents of the Russian Federation on inventions by the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks, by order No.327 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 29.10.2008, in force since June
5, 2009.
- 2008 年 10 月 29 日俄罗斯联邦教育和科学部第 327 号命令颁布的《关于履行政府职能的行政条例—— 联邦知识产权、专利和商标局组织受理发明申请并按照俄罗斯联邦有关发明专利的规定程序予以审查和 授予专利》，自 2009 年 6 月 5 日起施行。
- Administrative Regulation for performing the government functions of organising the acceptance of applications on utility models, their examination and grant in the established order of patents of the Russian Federation on utility models by the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks, by order No.326 of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 29.10.2008, in force since March 20, 2009.
- 2008 年 10 月 29 日俄罗斯联邦教育和科学部第 326 号命令颁布的《关于履行政府职能的行政条例—— 联邦知识产权、专利和商标局组织受理实用新型申请并按照俄罗斯联邦有关实用新型专利的规定程序予 以审查和授予专利》，自 2009 年 3 月 20 日起施行。
- Administrative Regulation for performing the government functions of organising the acceptance of applications on industrial designs, their examination and grant in the established order of patents ofthe Russian Federation on industrial designs by the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks, by
order No. 325 of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 29.10.2008, in force since December 26, 2008.
- 2008 年 10 月 29 日俄罗斯联邦教育和科学部第 325 号命令颁布的《关于履行政府职能的行政条例—— 联邦知识产权、专利和商标局组织受理工业品外观设计申请并按照俄罗斯联邦有关工业品外观设计专利 的规定程序予以审查和授予专利》，自 2008 年 12 月 26 日起施行。
- Recommendations for the Examination of applications on inventions, by order No. 199 of Ros patent of December 31, 2009.
- 俄罗斯专利局 2009 年 12 月 31 日第 199 号命令颁布的《发明申请审查建议》。
- Law on Protection of Competition of July 26, 2006, last amended on April 5, 2010.
- 2006 年 7 月 26 日颁布的《竞争保护法》，最后一次修订时间为 2010 年 4 月 5 日。
- Criminal Code of June 13, 1996, last amended on July 27, 2010.
- 1996 年 6 月 13 日颁布的《刑法典》，最后一次修订时间为 2010 年 7 月 27 日。
- Code of Administrative Offences of December 30, 2001, last amended on July 30, 2010.
- 2001 年 12 月 30 日颁布的《行政违法法典》，最后一次修订时间为 2010 年 7 月 30 日。
- Arbitration Procedural Code of July 24, 2002, last amended on July 27, 2010.
- 2002 年 7 月 24 日颁布的《仲裁程序法典》，最后一次修订时间为 2010 年 7 月 27 日。
- Civil Procedural Code of November 14, 2002, last amended on July 27, 2010.
- 2002 年 11 月 14 日颁布的《民事诉讼法典》，最后一次修订时间为 2010 年 7 月 27 日。
- Recommendations for the Examination of novelty and originality of an industrial design by order No. 48 of the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks of March 31, 2008.
- 2008 年 3 月 31 日联邦知识产权、专利和商标局第 48 号命令颁布的《关于工业品外观设计的新颖性和 原创性的审查建议》。
- Ruling of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of March 26, 2009 No.5/29 “On particular issues that arose due to coming into force of the Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”.
- 2009 年 3 月 26 日俄罗斯联邦最高法院全体会议和最高仲裁法院全体会议第 5/29 号“关于因《俄罗斯联 邦民法典》第四部分生效而引起的特殊问题”的裁决。
- Federal Law of December 12, 2006 No. 231-FZ on “Implementation of the Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”.
- 2006 年 12 月 12 日第 231-FZ 号《联邦法》，关于“《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第四部分的实施”。
Russia contact information
俄罗斯联系方式
ROSPATENT - Federal service on intellectual property, patent and trade marks (Rospatent): http://www. rupto.ru/en_site/about/about.html
ROSPATENT - 知识产权、专利和商标方面的联邦服务（Rospatent）：http://www. rupto.ru/en_site/about/about.html
FIPS - Federal Institute of Industrial Property: http://www1.fips.ru/wps/cm/connect/content_en/en
FIPS - 联邦工业产权局：http://www1.fips.ru/wps/cm/connect/content_en/en
Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation: http://www.arbitr.ru/eng/
俄罗斯联邦最高仲裁法院：http://www.arbitr.ru/eng/
Arbitration Court of Moscow City
莫斯科市仲裁法院
Federal Antimonopoly Service: http://en.fas.gov.ru/
联邦反垄断局：http://en.fas.gov.ru/
Federal Customs Service of Russia: http://www.customs.ru/en/
俄罗斯联邦海关总署： http://www.customs.ru/en/
Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation: http:// www.minprom.gov.ru/eng
俄罗斯联邦工业和贸易部：http:// www.minprom.gov.ru/eng Russian Author’s Society http://www.rao.ru
俄罗斯作者协会 http://www.rao.ru
Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation: http://eng. genproc.gov.ru/ 俄罗斯联邦总检察长办公室：http://eng. genproc.gov.ru/
致谢：
Dr. Nicolai v. Funer
Nicolai v. Funer 博士
Email:office@euromarkpat.com